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With ores of higher gold content (i.e., greater than 20 grams of gold per ton of ore), cyanidation is accomplished by vat leaching, which involves holding a slurry of ore and solvent for several hours in large tanks equipped with agitators. For extracting gold from low-grade ores, heap leaching is practiced.
This procedure involves treating aqueous ammonia under appropriate pressure with crushed copper, nickel, and cobalt ore. As a result, certain metals are selectively leached by ammonia, creating soluble complexes of those metals. ... Vat leaching. Vat leaching, also referred to as "agitated tank" leaching, is a process in which the lixiviant ...
1. Introduction. The global trend towards industrialization supports the increasing demand for industrial metals. It is in this context that low-grade and complex ores, old waste deposits related to past mining worksites and other sources have received attention in recent years, with the latest advances in leaching techniques and applications to the leaching of …
Vat leaching of copper ores offers advantages such as high copper recovery, low operating costs, and the ability to process large volumes of ore. 3. Nickel Recovery: Vat leaching has gained attention as a potential …
The first process, vat leaching of high-grade copper oxide ore followed by EW of copper from the leach solution, produced low quality copper cathode at relatively high cost. In 1968 the tonnage of high-grade oxide ores was decreasing and vat leaching was on the decline.
Vat Leaching. 1) Vat Leaching: Also known as "agitated tank" leaching, the lixiviant comes into contact with the metal material in large vats or tanks, which can be stirred, enhancing the reaction kinetics. The metal containing solid, such as concentrate, ore, residue, or slag, often undergoes size reduction via crushing and grinding prior ...
If copper recovery depends on (1/d p) and the copper leaching rate depends on (1/d p) 2, leaching of ROM ore in dumps should be impossible, or at least so slow and marginal as to not be profitable. And yet dump leaching of copper secondary sulphides is practiced widely, with good recoveries and at rates rapid enough to be measurable ( Yáñez ...
Currently, the only vat leaching operation for copper ore is located at Mantos Blancos mine in Chile (installed in 1961) ( Figure 4 ). However, vat-leaching is well placed for a revival and wider ...
Globally, copper, silver, and gold orebody grades have been dropping, and the mineralogy surrounding them has become more diversified and complex. The cyanidation process for gold production has remained dominant for over 130 years because of its selectivity and feasibility in the mining industry. For this reason, the industry has been adjusting its …
This paper provides an overview of hydrometallurgical copper extraction studies in which liquid extraction technology has been used with four copper deposits of different compositions. The sulfuric acid consumption rate and copper extraction efficiency, which are dependent on the initial content and forms of calcium compounds and other impurities in ore …
Blancos in 1961, start operating a copper oxide vat leaching-SX-EW in Chile. Typical vat leaching treats ore sizes between 6 to 12 mm either deslimed or agglomerated. The vats are
Low-grade ores are treated by dump leaching, while vat leaching can be used to treat higher grade oxide ore. Agitation leaching in stirred tanks is applied to both oxide and sulfide materials: the ...
production. About 200,000 tons of copper a year is being won by heap and vat leaching of ore, dump leaching of waste, and in-place leaching of caved underground workings. Although in-place leaching was practiced as long ago as the 15th century, it is little used and contributes only a few percent of the total leach copper production.
The nitric acid leaching technology [31][32][33][34] is emerging as a potential alternative to the existing methods. In this process, the sulfide material is treated with a solution containing ...
Heap leaching (including bioleaching) is widely used for the treatment of low-grade copper ores [15,19], and the possibility of using it for Cu-Ni ore was also studied on an industrial scale [24].
Vat leaching. 13.4.1 In Situ Leaching. ... could be looked into lies in better understanding of secondary copper sulfide heap leaching even though the crushed ore heap leaching of secondary copper sulfides has been widely used over a decade, lacking some information in production issues.
In calculating the capacity of a leaching vat, the volume of a ton of raw ore may be taken at from 22 to 28 cubic feet when dry, and from 20 to 26 cubic feet when wetted down. ... It was originally proposed to treat ores …
1. Introduction. Heap leaching forms part of the group of technologies known as percolation leaching, which includes in situ leaching, dump leaching, heap leaching and vat leaching (Bartlett, 1998, John, 2011)mon to all these technologies is migration of leach solution through a fixed bed of ore particles, on its path interacting with the solid, releasing the …
The application of cyanide–ammonia system to leach gold over copper from oxidised ores has been tested successfully using different gold–copper ores (Drok and Ritchie, 1997, La Brooy et al., 1991, Muir et al., 1989). ... i.e. finding an appropriate lixiviant with lower environmental and safety risks for heap, dump, in-situ and vat leaching ...
of leaching of copper ore with hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, increases with temperature and acid concentration, while ... The first series of tests investigated the vat leaching characteristic: three separate size ranges, -40 +20 mm, -20 +10 mm, and -10 +2.5 mm, were prepared with sulfuric acid solution. The results showed that, for the ...
Vat leaching is employed to extract copper from oxide or mixed oxide sulfide ores containing more than 0.5 percent acid-soluble copper. This method is used in preference to heap leaching if the ore material is not porous and crushing is necessary to permit adequate contact between …
Mineral leaching is the key unit operation in metallurgical processes and corresponds to the dissolution of metals. The study of leaching is carried out in many areas, such as geology, agriculture and metallurgy. This …
Microwave roasting pretreatment proved to be an effective method to improve gold leaching of carbonaceous gold ore with copper-ammonia-thiosulfate solution. A gold extraction of 90.2% was achieved when the concentrate was pretreated by microwave roasting at 500 °C for 30 min. The microwave roasting did not significantly change the phase ...
Gold and silver can be recovered from their ores by a variety of methods, including gravity concentration, flotation, and agitated tank-leaching. Methods similar to heap leaching can be employed: dump leaching and vat leaching (vat leaching is the treatment of sand or crushed ore in bedded vats with rapid solution percolation). Typically, heap ...
BacTech Enviromet Corp., in conjunction with Mintek, 14 has developed proprietary technologies for the high temperature leaching of copper concentrates. Working in conjunction with Industrias Penoles SA de CV, one …
For copper and other metal sulfide minerals, the heap leach process has evolved to incorporate bacteria and nutri-ents into the barren solution promoting the bio-oxidation of sulfides. Aeration of the heap is often required in these cases. Similar applications to heap leaching include in situ leach - ing, rubble leaching, and vat leaching.
The principal methods of leaching copper ores at the present time are heap, dump, in-place, and vat. A number of references are presented in the bibliography on the theoretical and practical aspects of these methods. In …
A typical submerged vat leaching plant is described as follows: Ore is crushed to optimum size for copper extraction using two or three-stage crushing. This size will typically …
This does not take place when sufficient acid is present to retain iron salts in solution. With proper precautions an ore column of average oxidized copper ore 10 ft. or more in height can be percolated without difficulty; in one recently described ore-leaching plant the percolation vats are being built 16 ft. high.
The composition of copper ore samples was analyzed with the use of fluorescence and chemical methods. Table 1 shows the content of the main valuable component—copper—as well as metals with the highest content that …
